The Tenets of Behaviorism an Example by

The Tenets of Behaviorism Behaviorism is an approach which is often attributed to John Watson (Green, 2001). The said school dominated much of Northern American psychology during the 1920s until the 1960s (Green, 2001). Need essay sample on "The Tenets of Behaviorism" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Behaviorism can be viewed as a reaction to the prevailing views in psychology in 1913. During that time, psychology was regarded as the study of the mind. The method of introspection by a trained observer under controlled conditions was employed in order to study consciousness - then defined as the core phenomena of mind (Wozniak, 1997). Almost 25 years later, psychology shifted its focus: from being confined to the study of mental phenomena, it moved towards the study of behavior. Methods of analysis typically involved objective observations of behavioral data which varied as a result of experimental manipulation of stimulus conditions. Indeed, learning and memory were considered as the core phenomena of behavior (Woodworth, 1938 as cited from Wozniak, 1997). Although it has been instructive to view behaviorism as a singular school, nothing could be farther from the truth. In fact, behaviorism consists of different approaches. For instance, Ivan Pavlov paved the way for the development of classical conditioning while B. F. Skinner, introduced operant conditioning. These approaches provide different explanations behind the processes which account for learning (Ormrod, 2004). Despite the different approaches within the paradigm; different behaviorists agree on the following tenets behind it. First, the principles behind learning should equally operate on different animal species and on different behaviors. Using the assumption that all humans and animals learn alike; behaviorist apply to human learning the principles which they have derived from their study of nonhuman species. Second, the learning process can be studied most effectively when one focuses on the stimuli and responses involved (Ormrod, 2004). Third, mental phenomena are excluded from psychological study because they could not be objectively measured (Mayer, 2007). Fourth, learning must involve a behavior change. Indeed, some behaviorists believe that learning could only be inferred if it involved a behavior change. Fifth, behaviorists believe that organisms are born as blank slates. Different environmental experiences account for the individual differences in organisms. Sixth, learning is l argely a function of environmental factors. Most learning is therefore assumed to occur beyond the individuals control. Lastly, behaviorists emphasize the value of parsimonious theories. Parsimonious theories account for simple as well as complex behaviors using the fewest learning principles (Ormrod, 2004). The said tenets thus provide the best contrasts between the behaviorist and functionalist schools of psychology. While behaviorism focuses on overt behaviors and emphasizes the use of objective methods in measuring learning and memory; functionalism focuses on mental processes and their relation to behavior. Introspection was the primary method used in order to study mental processes and the focus was shifted in examining how the systems within the mind interacted while it was functioning (Gordon, 1995). In essence, the behaviorist and functionalist paradigms provide two ways to understand psychology. While the behaviorists are right to point out that psychology should focus on behavior and should use scientific methods in its study; it should take into consideration that mental processes within the individual are also significant avenues of study as well. For instance, the functionalist paradigm is still prevalent in mainstream psychology in that modern psychology acknowledges the importance of looking at the process rather than the structure (Gordon, 1995). In fact, no argument is better to point out that both paradigms are valid approaches to the field other than the definition of psychology itself. After all, psychology is now defined as the scientific study of mental processes and behavior (Zimmer, 1999). References Gordon, Oakley. (1995). William James and Functionalism. A Brief History of Psychology. Green, Christopher (2001).Introduction to: Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it. John B. Watson (1913). Classics in the History of Psychology. Retrieved December 8, 2007, http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Watson/intro.htm Mayer, Ronald. (2007). Unit 7 Behaviorism. Psychology 601: Theoretical Backgrounds in Psychology Homepage. Retrieved December 8, 2007, http://online.sfsu.edu/~psych601/unit7/671.htm Ormrod, Jeanne. (2004). Human Learning, 4th Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education,Inc. Wozniak, Robert. (1997). Commentary on Psychology as the Behaviorist View It John B. Watson (1913). Originally published as "Behaviorism," In Bringmann, W.G., Luck, H.E., Miller, R., Zimmer, Gene. (1999). The Definition of Psychology. Foundation for Truth in Reality.

The Negative Effects of Pornography

The Negative Effects of Pornography Free Online Research Papers The topic of pornography is rarely discussed in a positive light. It is commonly classified as â€Å"sexual deviance† (Lauer Lauer, 2008). There are people who defend it, but proponents of pornography rarely have a better argument than â€Å"freedom of expression†. What supporters of pornography do not take into account is the damage that these obscene images cause, and not only to those who watch it. The damage that pornography causes includes violent tendencies, strained marriages, and problematic childhoods. For the purpose of this paper, pornography will be defined as predominantly sexually explicit and intended primarily for the purpose of sexual arousal. Hard-core pornography is sexually explicit in the extreme and devoid of any other apparent content or purpose (Anderson, 1992). The fact remains that there are negative outcomes from watching pornography and such obscene materials have no place in our society. Pornography Violence One of the major impacts pornography has is that it has been linked to violent tendencies especially regarding men. Studies have shown that men who watch pornography, whether it is violent or non violent are more likely to be violent themselves. They are more prone to sudden violence against women than other men because this is often what they see in pornographic films. The violence often does not stop at domestic issues and it is not uncommon that serial killings are linked to pornography. Research has shown that repeated exposure to pornography causes a desire for more abnormal violence such as sadomasochism and rape (Rogers, 1990). Men who have violent tendencies from watching pornography not only affect their lives but also the lives of people around them. Pornography Family Life Another major negative impact of watching pornography is the affect is has on marriages and families. We already know that pornography can cause violent tendencies, which in a marriage are often taken out on the significant other. This leads to strained marriages and oftentimes, divorce. It has been shown that people who watch porn constantly develop a psychological dependence on it and feel the need to watch more and more. Along with increased exposure to it, the types of pornography that are watched become more violent and strange. People who watch pornography may feel ashamed of it and attempt to hide it from their spouse. This leads to lives lived hiding secrets and also causes marriages to be stressed. It is also common that people in marriages who watch pornography become less devoted to their spouse and are more likely to engage in extramarital affairs. Pornography is also linked to the devaluation of religious beliefs as well as moral beliefs. Watchers of pornography begin to lose their values the more they are exposed to it and lie and make excuses to make themselves feel better about the decisions they are making. People who consistently expose themselves to pornography not only affect their marriages but also their children. Pornography Children It is often argued that children receive the most negative effects of pornography. Negative effects on children include modeling the behavior; emotional problems such as anxiety, guilt, confusion shame; stimulation of premature sexual activity; and the development of harmful attitudes and beliefs about sex and sexual relationships (Lauer Lauer, 2008). Studies show that approximately 70% of printed pornographic materials eventually end up in the hands of minors. Each year, about 1.2 million children are affected by child pornography and/or child prostitution (Rogers, 1990). Adults who watch pornography not only tend to be more violent towards other adults, but also towards their children. The time devoted to their child’s lives tends to decrease. Adults who try to hide pornography also increase the risk of their children being exposed to it the more they watch it. The repercussions of a strained marriage or a divorce can have lasting psychological effects upon a child. Finally, adults who watch pornography tend to have increased instances of job loss and financial strain. There are documented cases of children who are exposed to pornography tending to have earlier experiences with sexual intercourse and thus having an increased risk of STDs. They also lose interest in a stable monogamous relationship and are more prone to adulterous behavior later in life. Their behavior changes and they may become more addicted and compulsive. Finally, there are lasting traumatic responses associated with the exposure of children to pornography. Spread of Pornography In today’s world, pornography is extremely easy to come buy, an in many forms. Perhaps the easiest is the World Wide Web. About 7% of all pages on the Internet (260 million) are made up of pornography (Lauer Lauer, 2008). At a mere click of the mouse, one most intimate fantasy can be acted out in the privacy of their own home. The ease of this has aided in the increase of how wide spread pornography has become. Besides the internet, there are a multitude of â€Å"adult bookstores† along with theme shops and â€Å"boutiques†. In conclusion, the general population views pornography as a serious issue. It has been proven to have a multitude of negative side effects with no positive attributes what so ever. Politicians debate it, religions preach about it and people steer their children the other way. Unfortunately, it is the opinion of this author that as long as humans remain sexually active, pornography in some shape of form will continue to exist. References Anderson, K. (1992). Pornography. Retrieved May 5, 2008 from the Leadership U website: leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/porno.html Lauer, R.H., Lauer, J.C. (2008). Social problems and the quality of life (11th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Rogers, J. (1990). The Documented Effects of Pornography. Retrieved May 5, 2008 from The Forerunner website: http://forerunner.com/forerunner/X0388_Effects_of_Pornograp.html Research Papers on The Negative Effects of PornographyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andCapital PunishmentInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetThree Concepts of PsychodynamicResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Personal Statement - Essay Example My zeal to explore events that occurred throughout history has facilitated my learning curve. As a sophomore student, I plan to transfer to a university next fall. My goal is to obtain a position in corporate American post graduation in which I can implement the analytical, critical and social skills I have acquired. The main purpose of this club is to assist people in developing their keen interest in law enforcement and create channels that can enable them to have a fulfilling role in their respective fields. Commerce is one those fields that truly gives a person an enriching experience in their life. Working at a local restaurant enables me to micro manage employees, which is truly a wonderful opportunity for me to gain valuable experience. I firmly belief that my academic education along with engagement at a local restaurant is critical towards my pursuit to obtain my education that not only will harness my growth in professional development, but will enable me to gain a better sense of the commerce that govern society. As a dedicated student, my work ethics along with my superb leadership skills have become the catalyst for my academic success. Although I don’t possess a degree yet, I look forward to fresh set of challenges that I will have to overcome not only as a student, but as a young adult ready to explore the essence of real world.

Organisational Mischief. Organisational Behaviour vs. Misbehaviour Literature review

Organisational Mischief. Organisational Behaviour vs. Misbehaviour - Literature review Example Such type of behaviour is it become regular would hamper the culture of the organisation. A key element of the contract that exists between the employer and the employee is the input of employee compliance, and the acceptance of degree of managerial control. In order to defend their sense of self, employees often engage in activities such as burning down the workplace or stealing a pencil, circulating rude cartoons in the office to playing jokes or pranks on their co employees. Such activities do not deny that employees at work often joke at each other only because of the sake of enjoying the joke. Organisational mischief involves a mixture of psychological self defence. Some form of mischief is individualistic whereas some are formed in groups. Individual mischief includes like individual act of being absent, inattentiveness of the employee usually by chatting with colleagues or day dreaming, no or less compliance with the given instruction by the company, trying to keep information to oneself, bullying other employees, sexual harassment, breaking of equipment out of frustration and also leaving organisation at an inconvenient time. Some social mischief’s which happens in the organisation are such as organised fiddles, using the work place for discussing the non work things, workplace games, practical jokes, wind-ups, piss takes, harassment and bullying. In such types of organisational mischief’s people try to protect the material aspect of implicit contract (Tony, 2006, p.143). The research topic chosen is organisational mischief especially in the category of joke. Joke are practised in the organisation sometimes just for the sake of making a joke. The organisational misbehaviour or mischief remains a further paper to research as it gives an area to find out more about the misbehaviour by the employees and the need to issue some ethical code of conduct with respect to the mischiefs in the work place. The paper starts with the literature review o f the topic which takes into consideration the critical review of workplace mischief, the major issues and concepts which are used in such type of mischief. Critical Literature Review Organisational Behaviour vs. Misbehaviour In an organisation there are many forms of behaviour as well as misbehaviour which are not stock in trade of any required discipline but they might be very common. These forms of behaviour might scant attention from the textbooks and are not regarded as an important feature of the organisation. Factors such as bullying, practical joking, sexual harassment also includes rituals and also rites of passage. Different forms of misbehaviour are connected with each other. Both the management and the social scientists have overlooked the organisational misbehaviour despite of the fact that they know misbehaviour exists in the organisation, this action is seen as inessential by the management. Sometimes there is complicity with the other members of the organisation abou t misbehaviour. Employees are not official allowed to exhibit their respective behaviour. Therefore there is a substantial agreement that until and unless such types of behaviour interferes with organisational purpose it is most likely to pass unnoticed by the management.

The Positive Affects of Arts Education for Special Education Students Essay

The Positive Affects of Arts Education for Special Education Students - Essay Example They are not only striving to find out the impact of arts education on students with special needs but also on students with no special needs. The realization of the importance of art education for improving cognitive skills of students has encouraged educational institutions to organize and promote art activities for students. It has also encouraged institutions to promote art education in formal and non-formal settings. The significance of art education to improve cognitive skills has been recognized internationally. Its importance is evident from the fact that the Director Journal of UNESCO appealed on November, 1999 to promote Arts Education and Creativity at schools (Iwai). It has been proved through research projects that the introduction of arts as proper education can promote aesthetic development of individuals. Based on this study, educational institution can make arts education an important constituent of their system. It will improve the overall performance of students in schools. According to a study conducted on two hundreds and fifteen pre-kindergarten students and two hundred and eight kindergarten students in Tel Aviv, Israel and Ohio, in the United States, it has been found that art education can actually result in aesthetic development of students. During this study, these students went through various visual activities. It was found through this study that students of pre-kindergartens and kindergartens who went through these activities under the supervision of their teachers achieved greater aesthetic development as compared to students who were without the supervision of teachers. Since arts education can successfully develop cognitive skills of children from a pre-kindergarten age, so it can be concluded that addition of arts in the formal education system will successfully result in personality development of students. It will also help students strengthen their long term memory, focus, and attention (Iwai). According to the Art for USA organization, neuroscientists from seven universities across the world have advanced the understandings of the effect of art on learning of students. The purpose of this study is to comprehend the impact of arts education on improving the overall education standard. The research does not only intend to find out how the addition of arts education can potentially improve the education standard but also to find out its impact on the cognitive development of students. It has been found through studies that with the help of arts, students develop focus and attentions skills. It also promoted memory retrieval among students. Therefore it can be concluded that art can not only enhance cognitive skills of students but can also help them in other forms of learning. So, art is necessary for the cognitive development of both students with special needs as well as students with no special needs. Scientists have conducted brain imaging studies as well as behavioral assessments to evaluate the ef fectiveness of arts education for students. With the help of research, it has been found that various forms of art can actually result in cognitive development of students. According to studies, music can help students improve geometric representation skills. The education of music can contribute to the cognitive development of students by enhancing their reading skills and sequence learning. Acting is also an important part of arts. Acting arts help students imp

Probing Using Zenmap Gui

Probing Using Zenmap Gui Hackers traditionally follow a 5-step approach to seek out and destroy targeted hosts. The first step in performing an attack is to plan the attack by identifying your target and learning as much as possible about the target. Hackers traditionally perform an initial reconnaissance probing scan to identify IP hosts, open ports, and services enabled on servers and workstations. In this lab, students will plan an attack on 172.30.0.0/24 where the VM server farm resides. Using ZenMap GUI, students will then perform a Ping Scan or Quick Scan on the targeted IP subnetwork. Lab Assessment Questions Answers Name at least five applications and tools pre-loaded on the Windows 2003 Server Target VM (VM Name: WindowsTarget01) and identify whether that application starts as a service on the system or must be run manually? Lan routing Run manually Nat Run manually Vpn Start as a service Terminal services Start as a service Streaming server Run manually What was the DHCP allocated source IP host address for the Student VM, DHCP Server, and IP default gateway router? DHCP allocated the following IP addresses Source IP host address is 192.168.1.6 DHCP server address 192.168.1.1 Default gateway router address is 192.168.1.1 Did the targeted IP hosts respond to the ICMP echo-request packet with an ICMP echo-reply packet when you initiated the ping command at your DOS prompt? If yes, how many ICMP echo-request packets were sent back to the IP source? Yes, four ICMP echo-request packets sent when I initiate a ping command from the DOS prompt Details of these packets are as follows: Ping statistics for 192.168.1.6 Packets: sent=4, Received=4, Lost=0 (0% loss) Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum=0ms, Maximum=131ms, Average= 43ms If you ping the WindowsTarget01 VM server and the UbuntuTarget01 VM server, which fields in the ICMP echo-request / echo-replies vary? When I ping the WindowsTarget01 VM server and the UbuntuTarget01 VM server, ICMP echo-request / echo-replies of Windows Target01 VM server varies like 8ms, 131ms, 33ms and What is the command line syntax for running an Intense Scan with ZenMap on a target subnet of 172.30.0.0/24? nmap -T4 -A -v 192.30.0.0/24 Name at least 5 different scans that may be performed from the ZenMap GUI and document under what circumstances you would choose to run those particular scans. Intense Scan: Command = nmap -T4 -A -v Intense Scan is to comprehensive scan the network and all the computers in the network. The benefit is that you can check all the vulnerabilities in the network where you are connected with. Ping scan Command = nmap -sn Ping scan only finds either target/targets are up or not. It does not scan the ports of that particular target/targets. Quick scan Command = nmap -T4 -F It is faster than the normal scan because it scans the fewer ports and uses the aggressive timing template Quick scan plus Command = nmap -sV -T4 -O -F version-light It detects the Operating system as well as the version of OS. Quick traceroute Command = nmap -sn traceroute It does not do the port scanning it just find the intermediate hops where from you can connect with the computer. Regular scan Command = nmap A basic port scan with no extra options. How many different tests (i.e., scripts) did your Intense Scan definition perform? List them all after reviewing the scan report. It performs the following tests: Port Scanning OS detection Version detection Network Distance TCP sequence prediction Trace route Describe what each of these tests or scripts performs within the ZenMap GUI (Nmap) scan report. Port Scanning: A port scan is mostly what its name suggests, a scan of all the ports open upon a system. The way a port-scanner typically works is to attempt to connect to each port upon a host, in turn, and then report the results. For example a scanner could connect to: port 1 to see if tcpmux is running. port 7 to see if echo is running. port 22 to see if openssh is available. port 25 to see if smtp is available. OS Detection: One of Nmaps best-known features is remote OS detection using TCP/IP stack fingerprinting. Nmap sends a series of TCP and UDP packets to the remote host and examines practically every bit in the responses. Version Detection: Two important fields that version detection can discover are operating system and device type. These are also reported on the Service Info line. We use two techniques here. One is application exclusivity. If we identify a service as Microsoft Exchange, we know the operating system is Windows since Exchange doesnt run on anything else. The other technique is to persuade more portable applications to divulge the platform information. Many servers (especially web servers) require very little coaxing. This type of OS detection is intended to complement Nmaps OS detection system (-O) and can sometimes report differing results. For example, consider a Microsoft Exchange server hidden behind a port-forwarding UNIX firewall. Network Distance: It detects how many hops are involved in the way to reach to the targeted computer. TCP sequence prediction: Nmap sends a couple of resets first to the open port, then sends six packets with just SYN set (the normal method for opening a TCP connection), followed each time with a reset (a TCP header with reset and ACK flags set, which aborts the connection). The sequence numbers in packets sent increase incrementally by one each time; this is abnormal behavior but is characteristic of sequence number collectors. Nmap collects the initial sequence numbers received from the target and looks for a pattern in the way they are incremented. This is called a TCP sequence prediction. Traceroute: Nmap does not perform a full trace to every host, so necessarily it must make assumptions about the hops that it has not probed. The first and most fundamental of these is that, in tracing a host, we find an intermediate hop that has already been seen in tracing another host, we may assume that it and all it parents hops are shared between the two hosts. How many total IP hosts (not counting Cisco device interfaces) did ZenMap GUI (Nmap) find on the network? Two (2) up hosts are found in my network. Based on your Nmap scan results and initial reconnaissance probing, what next steps would you perform on the VM server farm and VM workstation targets? In Nmap scanning weve been find the vulnerabilities of network or targeted computer. After the reconnaissance weve to check where weve to enter into the computer for the specific purpose i.e. if we want to check the web services on the targeted computer then weve to enter form the port 80.

Moral and motivation report - Working with people in teams. Essay

Moral and motivation report - Working with people in teams. TERMS OF REFERENCE ================== I Amanda Robinson, Assistant Personnel Manager with James Watt Hotel, have been asked by the Personnel Manager to submit a report on the subject of Moral and Motivation within the organisation. This report is a result of problems that have been highlighted by a preliminary survey conducted by an independent body. Report to be submitted by 28 January 2003. PROCEDURE After studying the preliminary report I spent 2 weeks researching the problem of Moral and Motivation within the hotel. My research took the form of observations and face-to-face interviews. Also researched were the personnel records of staff within the hotel. My observations gave me insight into how staff interacted with each other, management and our customers. Face- to- face interviews randomly selected from various departments within the hotel gave me great insight into more detailed problems and grievances felt by a number of staff. My reasoning for researching personnel records was to collect information on indicators of low moral such as level of absenteeism, level of grievances, incidence of complaints and the high level of staff turnover. FINDINGS The following problems have been identified from the preliminary survey conducted by an independent body. * Staff believe they are overworked. * Staff believe pay is low. * Staff believe promotion prospects are poor. * Staff believe little/no training is given. * Staff believe they are not encouraged to air grievances. * Staff perceive a "them and us" attitude between them and management. * Staff believe communications are very formal. * Staff are concerned that they are not consulted when new investments/equipment is ordered. * An analysis of customer complaints suggests "unpleasant atmosphere" "miserable staff" and "poor service" throughout the hotel. The survey also revealed a wide cross-section of managerial styles. Some members of management were only concerned about getting work completed, with no regard to the welfare of employees, some were concerned with only the welfare of employees with no concern for the standard of work, and then a few were neither concerned for the employees or the standard of work. After spending 2 weeks conducting my own rese... ...peak at length. It helps employees to unload problems and it's believed that the employee benefits psychologically. Outside agencies should be used to give the interviews to eliminate interviewer bias. EXIT INTERVIEWS- This is given when an employee is leaving the organisation. This benefits the organisation as they receive a more honest reply as the leaving employees feels he can speak more easily. This can provide essential information on moral and motivation problems throughout the hotel. CONCLUSION Simply by making a few adjustment in our working procedures can have great impact on others. Simply by saying please and thank you can lift a person's spirits. At the end of the day the loser is the hotel, as customers just wont return. It is vital to remember that all changes must be on going and monitored to judge their effectiveness. Remember that a happy customer will tell only 3 people, whereas an unhappy customer will tell nine other people. For the continued success of this organisation we cannot ignore these problems. For clarity on any aspect of this report please do hesitate to contact myself, Amanda Robinson, Assistant Personnel Manager, ext 1888

Pride and Prejudice- Jane Austen and Letters to Alice- Fay Weldon Essay

An examination of Jane Austen’s 1813 social satire Pride and Prejudice, and the reading of Fay Weldon’s 1984 epistolary text Letters to Alice on first reading Jane Austen, allows understanding of Austen’s novel to be moulded and then shifted. Pride and Prejudice is a novel of manners, focusing on marriage, Pride, Prejudice and Social Class which are projected through the characters, gentry-class setting and Austen’s authorial comment. Austen’s purpose was to portray the world of the gentry class, and satirise some aspects of her society and praise others. Weldon’s purpose is to encourage an understanding of the value of literature for individuals and society. She models Austen’s writing to demonstrate her argument and in so doing she gives a heightened understanding of values in Austen’s context. She reviews Austen’s society, providing an explanation of social conventions such as marriage, social stratification and women. Aunt Fay’s opinions allow readers to reshape their understanding of events and characters in Pride and Prejudice. Her conclusions allow the reader to draw connections between our contemporary society and Austen’s context, which then enables us to reshape our original understanding of Pride and Prejudice and our own context. Through Letters to Alice, Weldon discusses the importance in the value of literature. This is displayed through use of the imperative ‘you must read†. Her observing of literature linking to the transcendence of time is examined when adopting the metaphor of the city of invention, which educates the readers of what good literature is and the solid foundations that make it withstand time. Aunt Fay says â€Å"Through reading literature we learn about the way people thought and how they lived, the ways we are different and the things we share†, suggesting an implicit link to Austen’s work. Weldon writes that good literature has the ability to â€Å"transcend time and reach readers across centuries†. She demonstrates that the characters Austen created, are still relevant in modern society. The universal themes of faults and failings such as prejudice are seen in both texts, as they were been written for moral guidance purposes. Austen uses her novel to suggest how people should behave. She condemns snobbery, pride and prejudice. For example, Austen uses the character transformation between Elizabeth and Darcy and rewards them with happiness. Through Mary, Austen uses authorial comment on pride by saying â€Å"human nature is particularly prone to it†¦a  person may be proud without being vain†. Weldon’s character Aunt Fay is comparable to Jane Austen, as she teaches her niece Alice to read, be appreciative of her world and develop empathy for those who are less fortunate. Through Aunt Fay’s didacticism, the readers see a changing Alice, similarly to Elizabeth Bennet’s character transformation in Pride and Prejudice. Elizabeth has to overcome her initial judgements of Mr Darcy in order to gain a heightened understanding of herself. For example, after the first brief encounter with Darcy â€Å"she remained with no very cordial feelings towards him†. She is left believing he is arrogant and the most disagreeable man. However she learns from her wrongness when she begins to understand his character and his motives. This is similar to Alice’s experience, as she is taught to reshape her opinionated first impressions of Jane Austen and the Professors wife. Alice comes to understand, through Aunt Fay’s letters, that she has taken her life and educational opportunities for granted and should not make judgements of Unlovable when only based on her Professor’s opinion. Marriage is the primary concern of Austen’s novel. The immense importance of which is referred to by Mrs Bennet â€Å"If I can but see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield, and all the others equally well married, I have nothing to wish for†. The plot follows Mrs Bennet’s desperation in having her five daughters married to men who have inherited a substantial fortune. The novel reflects Austen’s context where marriage was a result of seeing profitable prospects rather than love. This is exemplified through Mrs Bennet’s comment â€Å"A single man of a large fortune†¦what a fine thing for our girls!† Marriage benefited the couple in both wealth and social status. Austen utilises a variety of marriages to contrast and show preference to the uniting of Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy who have love and respect, and have had to overcome initial personal judgements of each other. Elizabeth Bennet, who has to reassess her prejudice and Mr Darcy, who has to overcome his pride. They become the most affluent and respected couple in the novel. The idea of entailment ensured the family fortune was inherited by the men, which meant women had limited inheritance rights. This is the main incentive for Mrs Bennet having her children married to men with a substantial fortune, as when Mr Bennet dies, the family will be left poor. This is augmented through Weldon who expresses empathy towards Mrs Bennet, and says â€Å"life was not rosy† whether women married or not. This helps to reshape the  understanding of marriage gained in Austen’s novel, as it was previously believed that marriage lead to a better lifestyle for women. Fay Weldon connects the idea of marriage by linking the two generations, and interpreting the changing facets of matrimony. In Jane Austen’s period, marriage was a necessity rather than a commodity. Alice, the representative for the contemporary context, perceives marriage as an â€Å"outmoded institution†. Alice views Austen’s novel as â€Å"boring, petty and irrelevant†, as her context believes love should be factored into marriage. Fay Weldon connects the generations by justifying aspects that have remained the same or have changed. She highlights the harsh realities of married women in Jane Austen’s patriarchal world. For example, she writes â€Å"men could beat you if they saw fit†. Weldon describes Austen’s contextual ideas on marriage through Aunt Fay who attempts to help her niece Alice, a rebellious university student, understand the necessity for marriage in Austen’s context. She uses the metaphor â€Å"To marry was a great prize. It was a woman’s aim†¦No wonder Mrs Bennet driven half mad by anxiety, knowing they would be unprovided for when her husband died†. This helps the readers to reshape their understanding of Mrs Bennet. In Pride and Prejudice, Austen satirises and condemns her character for her obsession with finding suitable partners for her unmarried daughters. However, Aunt Fay’s didactic attempt on using empathy is expressed through Mrs Bennet, who is described as â€Å"politeness warred with desperation†. Weldon details the unions between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy to be unlikely, given their differences in social standing. This is reinforced by Aunt Fay reminding Alice, â€Å"Novels are illusion not reality†. This perspective on matrimony takes the reader back to Pride and Prejudice and reinforces Charlotte’s pragmatic perspective â€Å"Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance†. Aunt Fay recognises that some unions have not changed from Austen’s period. There are women who still marry for survival. For example, the importation of Asian wives links to the marriage between Charlotte and Mr Collins, as she â€Å"found happiness, inspite of marrying for all the wrong reasons†. To heighten the readers understanding of marriage in Pride and Prejudice, she says â€Å"is the stuff of our women’s magazines, but it was the stuff of their life, their very existence.† This is Weldon reinforcing the idea of necessity for marriage for women of Austen’s context. It helps Alice to overcome her initial  thoughts on marriage in Pride and Prejudice. In Pride and Prejudice, social class overrides all other emotions such love and happiness. Mr Darcy is the central character who defines the upper class of Regency England. Mr Wickham uses bitter verbal irony to describe Darcy, noting â€Å"He was to be above all company, in having been unworth y to be compared†. Austen defies her conventional ideas on social stratification through the eccentric unions of matrimony between Elizabeth and Darcy or Jane and Bingley. These marriages occur, despite the authorative Lady Catherine saying â€Å"â€Å"Your alliance will be a disgrace, you name will never be mentioned by any of us†. This allows the readers to see that Austen had created Elizabeth Bennet, to break through her society’s rigid values. This is linked to Weldon’s comment â€Å"Jane Austen likes to see the division between nobility and gentry broken down†, as the division had been created when Elizabeth married Darcy. Fay Weldon uses social stratification to connect the gap between Austen’s society and the modern world. She contemporises Austen’s text by having the didactic Aunt Fay write to Alice explaining â€Å"â€Å"the gentry thought well of themselves, and liked to despise the nobility for their rackety ways, and were despised by them, in turn for being worthy and boring†. In this, Weldon suggests that people of both societies were limited by social boundaries. Through Weldon’s text, Aunt Fay attempts to make the readers feel empathy through the explanation of stratified women’s lives â€Å"Women were born poor, and stayed poor, and lived well only by their husbands’ favour.† Weldon’s use of stratification, like Austen’s, is used for didactic purposes. She writes â€Å"human nature does not change over the centuries†, indicating that snobbery, pride, prejudice and criticism, which Austen satirised in Pride and Prejudice, are still relevant in modern society. For example, Caroline Bingley’s criticism of the middle class is similar to criticism aimed at writers, deriving from the readers who do not understand the difficulty of writing well. Austen believes women should have options and opinions. Her character Elizabeth is independent, witty and judgemental. She defies social conventions and is used as a model for achieving Austen’s purpose, and in return, is rewarded with love. There was also the idea of accomplished women being more suitable to men. Women who were well educated in the art of music, literature and languages, were thought to be accomplished and therefore more attractive to a suitor. Miss Bingley states, using  accumulation â€Å"A woman must have a thorough knowledge of music, singing, drawing, dancing, and the modern languages, to deserve the word†. In Pride and Prejudice, the Bennet sisters did not attend school and were only trained in accomplishment. This juxtaposes with Alice’s lifestyle, as she is eligible to attend university on a different continent to further her education. An example of this is when Aunt Fay plants the idea â€Å"why don’t you go to UCLA and write?† This helps people understand the limitations of women in Pride and Prejudice and justify the difference between the ideas of a successful woman in both contexts. Fay Weldon defines women’s lives in Austen’s context and compares it to modern society. She models Austen’s life for Alice to gain a heightened understanding of the difficulties women faced to defy social conventions. She demonstrates this by using the metaphor â€Å"It takes grea t courage to swim against the stream of communal ideas†. In this, Weldon is depicting the complications for Austen to see her world and reprimand its values on marriage, social class and women, whilst providing an alternative perspective. Weldon describes the limitations for female writers as they were expected to â€Å"be tender, flatter, deceive†¦never let anybody guess that you have a mind of your own†. Female writers were discouraged from inventing and were only allowed to write about their world. Aunt Fay’s brief explanation of the female writers contrasts with contemporary society, with Aunt Fay being the example. With the ability of travel and freely express her opinions, she is able to write without concern of her work being unpublished because of contemporary values. Unlike Austen, she is being paid and recognised for the texts she writes. Fay Weldon uses didacticism to develop an empathetic link to women in Austen’s context by detailing to Alice â€Å"by your standards it was a horrible time to liveâ₠¬ . For example, she gives statistical evidence of childbirth â€Å"childbirth was primitive†¦there was no analgesics†¦your chances of dying were†¦one in two†. In this, Aunt Fay highlights that Alice should not take being autonomous for granted. This is delineated through Aunt Fay expressing â€Å"You do not know little Alice, how recent or lucky you are†. A close study of Jane Austen’s 1813 social satire Pride and Prejudice and the 1984 epistolary text Letters to Alice on first reading Jane Austen by Fay Weldon, allows us to draw connections between the two texts and for our original understanding of Austen’s text to be shaped and shifted. Austen uses the main themes in Pride  and Prejudice, such as Marriage, social class and Pride, to express her approval or disapproval of her societies’ attitudes. Weldon’s text is used for didactic purposes to encourage an understanding of the value of literature, for which she uses Austenâ₠¬â„¢s writing to project her ideas. She reviews Austen’s context by providing an explanation of social conventions such as marriage, social stratification and women.

Dramatic Monologue Essays

Dramatic Monologue Essays Dramatic Monologue Paper Dramatic Monologue Paper Essay Topic: The Book Thief When was younger, I had no worries in life. I didnt have to worry about whether my mother was alive or not, where my father was or if the Nazis found out we were hiding a Jewish in our basement. I use to play with my brother, hoping that things would stay this way. But no, it didnt. Now my life has been torn apart in many ways. Have lost the closest friend in my life; Max. Why did this happen to me? What have I done to deserve this? I feel guilty for not warning Max. But still, whatever happened, happened and you ant change the past. This the only thing I have left of him. A book. Not just any book. A book that he gave to me on a birthday. A book that I will remember forever and always. Since he left, I am still trying to cope. I feel empty, like had lost a part of me. Everything feels so wrong without him. I felt the same emptiness back when I lost my brother. He was the only brother had, the only person that could understand me. Just imagine losing your own brother, how would you feel?

Biography of Ted Bundy, Serial Killer

Biography of Ted Bundy, Serial Killer Theodore Robert Bundy  (November 24, 1946–January 24, 1989) was one of the most prolific serial killers in U.S. history, who confessed to kidnapping, raping and murdering 30 women throughout seven states during the 1970s, although the actual count of the people he murdered remains a mystery.   Fast Facts: Ted Bundy Known For: Confessed serial murder of 30 peopleBorn: November 24, 1946 in Burlington, VermontParents: Eleanor â€Å"Louise† Cowell, Johnnie Culpepper Bundy (adoptive father)  Died: January 24, 1989 in Raiford, FloridaEducation: Woodrow Wilson High School, University of Puget Sound, University of Washington (BA Psychology, 1972), Temple University, University of UtahSpouse: Carol Ann Boone (m. 1980)Children: Rose, by Carol Ann Boone From the time of his capture, up until his death in the electric chair became imminent, he proclaimed his innocence and then began confessing to some of his crimes to delay his execution. The actual count of how many people he murdered remains a mystery. Early Life Ted Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell on November 24, 1946, at the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Burlington, Vermont. Ted’s mother Eleanor â€Å"Louise† Cowell returned to Philadelphia to live with her parents and raise her new son. In the 1950s, being an unwed mother was scandalous and illegitimate children were often teased and treated as outcasts. To avoid having Ted suffer, Louises parents, Samuel and Eleanor  Cowell, took on the role of being Ted’s parents. For several years of his life, Ted thought his grandparents were his parents, and his mother was his sister. He never had any contact with his birth father, whose identity remains unknown. According to relatives, the environment in the Cowell home was volatile. Samuel Cowell was known for being an outspoken bigot who would go into loud rants about his dislike of various minority and religious groups. He physically abused his wife and children and brutalized the family dog. He suffered hallucinations and would sometimes talk or argue with people who were not there. Eleanor  was submissive and fearful of her husband. She suffered from agoraphobia and depression. She periodically received electric shock therapy, a popular treatment for even the mildest cases of mental illness during that time. Tacoma, Washington   In 1951, Louise packed up and, with Ted in tow, moved to Tacoma, Washington to live with her cousins. For unknown reasons, she changed her surname from Cowell to Nelson. While there, she met and married Johnnie Culpepper Bundy. Bundy was an ex-military cook who was working as a hospital cook. Johnnie adopted Ted and changed his surname from Cowell to Bundy. Ted was a quiet and well-behaved child although some people found his behavior unsettling. Unlike other children who seem to thrive on parental attention and affection, Bundy preferred isolation and disconnection from family and friends. As time went on, Louise and Johnnie had four more children, and Ted had to adjust to not being an only child. The Bundy home was small, cramped, and tense. Money was scarce and Louise was left taking care of the children without any additional help. Because Ted was always quiet, he was often left alone and ignored while his parents dealt with their more demanding children. Ted’s extreme introversion and any developmental issues went unnoticed or were explained as a characteristic based on his shyness. Education Despite the circumstances at home, Bundy grew into an attractive teenager who got along with his peers and  who performed well in school. He graduated from  Woodrow Wilson High School  in 1965. According to Bundy, it was during his high school years that he began breaking into cars and homes. Bundy said the motivation behind becoming a petty thief was partially due to his desire to go downhill skiing. It was the only sport he was good at, but it was expensive. He used the money he made off of stolen goods to help pay for skis and ski passes. Although his police record was expunged at the age of 18, it is known that Bundy was arrested twice on suspicion of burglary and auto theft. After high school, Bundy entered the University of Puget Sound. There he scored high academically but failed socially. He continued to suffer from acute shyness, which resulted in social awkwardness. While he did manage to develop some friendships, he was never comfortable with participating in most of the social activities that others were doing. He rarely dated and kept to himself. Bundy later attributed his social problems to the fact that most of his peers at Puget Sound came from wealthy backgrounds- a world that he envied.  Unable to escape his growing inferiority complex, Bundy decided to transfer to the University of  Washington in his sophomore year in 1966. At first, the change did not help Bundy’s inability to socially blend, but in 1967 Bundy met the woman of his dreams. She was pretty, wealthy, and sophisticated. They both shared a skill and passion for skiing and spent many weekends on the ski slopes. First Love Ted fell in love with his new girlfriend and tried hard to impress her to the point of grossly exaggerating his accomplishments. He downplayed the fact that he was working part-time bagging groceries and instead tried to gain her approval by boasting about a summer scholarship that he won to Stamford University. Working, attending college, and having a girlfriend was too much for Bundy, and in 1969, he dropped out of college and began working at various minimum-wage jobs. He devoted his spare time to doing volunteer work for  Nelson Rockefellers presidential campaign and even worked as a Rockefeller delegate at the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami. Unimpressed with Bundy’s lack of ambition, his girlfriend decided that he was not husband material and she ended the relationship and moved back to her parent’s home in California. According to Bundy, the break up broke his heart and he obsessed over her for years. At this same time, whispers about Bundy being a petty thief began to spread among those who were close to him. Stuck in a deep depression, Bundy decided to do some traveling and headed to Colorado then on to Arkansas and Philadelphia. There, he enrolled at Temple University where he completed a semester then returned to Washington in the fall of 1969. It was before his return to Washington that he learned about his true parentage.  How Bundy dealt with the information is not known, but it was obvious to those that knew Ted that he had experienced some kind of transformation. Gone was the shy, introverted Ted Bundy. The man that returned was outgoing and confident to the point of being seen as an extraverted braggart. He returned to University of  Washington, excelled in his major, and earned a bachelors degree in psychology in 1972. Life Gets Better for Bundy In 1969, Bundy became involved with another woman, Elizabeth Kendall (the pseudonym she used when she wrote  The Phantom Prince My Life With Ted Bundy. She  was a divorcee with a young daughter. She fell deeply in love with Bundy, and despite her suspicions that  he  was seeing other women, her devotion toward him continued. Bundy was not receptive to the idea of marriage but allowed the relationship to continue even after reuniting with his first love who had become attracted to the new, more confident, Ted Bundy. He worked on the reelection campaign of Washingtons Republican Governor Dan Evans. Evans was elected and appointed Bundy to the Seattle Crime Prevention Advisory Committee. Bundys  political future seemed secure when in 1973 he became the assistant to Ross Davis, chairman of the Washington State Republican Party. It was a good time in  his  life. He had a girlfriend, his old girlfriend was once again in love with him, and his footing in the political arena was strong. Missing Women and a Man Called Ted In 1974, young women began vanishing from college campuses around Washington and Oregon. Lynda Ann Healy, a 21-year-old radio announcer, was among those who went  missing. In July 1974, two women were approached at a Seattle state park by an attractive man who introduced himself as Ted. He asked them to help him with his sailboat, but they refused. Later that day, two other women were seen going off with him and they were never seen alive again. Bundy Moves to Utah In the fall of 1974, Bundy enrolled in law school at the University of Utah and moved to Salt Lake City. In November Carol DaRonch was attacked at a Utah mall by a man dressed as a police officer. She managed to escape and she provided police with a description of the man, the Volkswagen he was driving, and a sample of his blood that got on her jacket during their struggle. Within a few hours after DaRonch was attacked, 17-year-old Debbie Kent disappeared. Around this time, hikers discovered a graveyard of bones in a Washington forest, later identified as belonging to missing women from both Washington and Utah. Investigators from both states communicated together and came up with a profile and composite sketch of the man named Ted who approached women for help, sometimes appearing helpless with a cast on his arm or crutches. They also had the description of his tan Volkswagen and his blood type, which was type-O. Authorities compared the similarities of the women who had disappeared. They were all white, thin, and single and had long hair that was parted in the middle. They also vanished during the evening hours. The bodies of the dead women found in Utah had all been hit with a blunt object to the head, raped, and sodomized. Authorities knew they were dealing with a serial killer who had the capability to travel from state to state. Murders in Colorado On January 12, 1975, Caryn Campbell vanished from a ski resort in Colorado while on vacation with her fiancà © and his two children. A month later, Caryns nude body was found lying a short distance from the road. An  examination of her remains  determined she had received violent blows to her skull. Over the next few months, five more women were found dead in Colorado with similar contusions to their head, possibly a result of being hit with a crowbar. Ted Bundys First Arrest In August 1975, police attempted to stop Bundy for a driving violation. He aroused suspicion when he tried to get away by turning his car lights off and speeding through stop signs. When he was finally stopped his Volkswagen was searched, and police found handcuffs, an ice pick, a crowbar, pantyhose with eye holes cut out, and other questionable items. They also saw that the front seat on the passenger side of his car was missing. Police arrested Ted Bundy on suspicion of burglary. Police compared the things found in Bundys car to those DaRonch described seeing in her attackers car. The handcuffs that had been placed on one of her wrists were the same make as those in Bundys possession. Once DaRonch picked Bundy out of a line-up, the police felt they had enough evidence to charge him with attempted kidnapping. The authorities also felt confident they had the person responsible for the tri-state murder spree that had gone on for more than a year. Bundy Escapes Twice Bundy went to trial for attempted kidnapping DaRonch in February 1976 and after waiving his right to a jury trial, he was found guilty and sentenced to 15 years in prison. During this time, police were investigating links to Bundy and the Colorado murders. According to his credit card statements, he was in the area where several women vanished in early 1975. In October 1976, Bundy was charged with the murder of Caryn Campbell. Bundy was extradited from the Utah prison to Colorado for the trial. Serving as his own lawyer allowed him to appear in court without leg irons, plus it gave him an opportunity to move freely from the courtroom to the law library inside the courthouse. In an interview, while in the role as his own attorney, Bundy said, More than ever, I am convinced of my own innocence. In June 1977 during a pre-trial hearing, he escaped by jumping out of the law library window. He was captured a week later. On Dec. 30, 1977, Bundy escaped from prison and made his way to Tallahassee, Florida, where he rented an apartment near Florida State University under the name Chris Hagen. College life was something Bundy was familiar with and one he enjoyed. He managed to buy food and pay his way at local college bars with stolen credit cards. When bored, he would duck into lecture halls and listen to the speakers. It was just a matter of time before the monster inside Bundy would resurface. The Sorority House Murders On Saturday, Jan. 14, 1978, Bundy broke into Florida State Universitys Chi Omega sorority house and bludgeoned and strangled to death two women, raping one of them and brutally biting her on her buttocks and one nipple. He beat two others over the head with a log. They survived, which investigators attributed to their roommate Nita Neary, who came home and interrupted Bundy before he was able to kill the other two victims. Nita Neary came home around 3 a.m. and noticed the front door to the house was ajar. As she entered, she heard hurried footsteps above going toward the stairway. She hid in a doorway and watched as a man wearing a blue cap and carrying a log left the house. Upstairs, she found her roommates. Two were dead, two others severely wounded. That same night another woman was attacked, and the police found a mask on her floor identical to one found later in Bundys car. Arrested Again On February 9, 1978, Bundy killed again. This time it was 12-year-old Kimberly Leach, who he kidnapped and then mutilated. Within a week of Kimberlys disappearance, Bundy was arrested in Pensacola for driving a stolen vehicle. Investigators had eyewitnesses who identified Bundy at the dorm and Kimberlys school. They also had physical evidence that linked him to the three murders, including a mold of the bite marks on the flesh of the sorority house victim. Bundy, still thinking he could beat a guilty verdict, turned down a plea bargain whereby he would plead guilty to killing the two sorority women and Kimberly LaFouche in exchange for three 25-year sentences. The End of Ted Bundy Bundy went on trial in Florida on June 25, 1979, for the murders of the sorority women. The trial was televised, and Bundy played up to the media when on occasion he acted as his attorney. Bundy was found guilty on both murder charges and given two death sentences by means of the electric chair. On January 7, 1980, Bundy went on trial for killing Kimberly Leach. This time he allowed his attorneys to represent him. They decided on an insanity plea, the only defense possible with the amount of evidence the state had against him. Bundys behavior was much different during this trial than the previous one. He displayed fits of anger, slouched in his chair, and his collegiate look was sometimes replaced with a haunting glare. Bundy was found guilty and received a third death sentence. During the sentencing phase, Bundy surprised everyone by calling Carol Boone as a character witness and marrying her while she was on the witness stand. Boone was convinced of Bundys innocence. She later gave birth to Bundys child, a little girl who he adored. In time, Boone divorced Bundy after realizing he was guilty of the horrific crimes he had been charged with. Death After endless appeals, Bundys last stay of execution was on Jan. 17, 1989. Before being put to death, Bundy gave the details of more than 50 women he had murdered to Washington State Attorney Generals chief investigator, Dr. Bob Keppel. He also confessed to keeping the heads of some of his victims at his home and to engaging in necrophilia with some of his victims. In his final interview, he blamed his exposure to pornography at an impressionable age as being the stimulant behind his murderous obsessions. Many of those directly involved with Bundy believed he murdered at least 100 women. The electrocution of Ted Bundy went as scheduled amid a carnival-like atmosphere outside the prison. It was reported that he spent the night crying and praying and that when he was led to the death chamber, his face was sullen and gray. Any hint of the old charismatic Bundy was gone. As he was moved into the death chamber, his eyes searched across the 42 witnesses. Once strapped into the electric chair he began mumbling. When asked by Supt. Tom Barton if he had any last words, Bundys voice broke as he said,  Jim and Fred, Id like you to give my love to my family and friends. Jim Coleman, who was one of his lawyers, nodded, as did Fred Lawrence, the Methodist minister who prayed with Bundy throughout the night. Bundys head bowed as he was prepared for electrocution. Once prepared, two thousand volts of electricity surged through his body. His hands and body tightened up and smoke could be seen coming from his right leg. Then the machine turned off and Bundy was checked over by a doctor one last time. On January 24, 1989, Theodore Bundy, one of the most notorious killers of all time, died at 7:16 a.m. as crowds outside cheered,  Burn, Bundy, burn! Sources Berlinger, Joe (director). Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes. Netflix, 2019.Janos, Adam. Ted Bundys Many Faces: How the Serial Killer Was Able to Change His Appearance So Easily. AE Real Crime, February 21, 2019.Kendall, Elizabeth. The Phantom Prince My Life with Ted Bundy. 1981.  Michaud, Stephen G. and Hugh Aynesworth. Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer. Irving Texas: AuthorLink Press, 2000.Rule, Ann. The Stranger Beside Me. Seattle: Planet Ann Rule, 2017.

Services Project Management Four Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Services Project Management Four - Essay Example ful completion of any project, and ties together various participating components of the project on the basis of deliverables over a planned time frame. Although a contract maybe written or oral, the former is overwhelmingly more popular due to its comparative permanence strength and verifiability. Relationships in any project are defined by a series of contacts between the owner, the consultants, contractors, sub-contractors and vendors. There are other legally binding documents that may take the form of MoUs (Memorandum of Understanding), agreements or LoIs (Letter of Intent), used between the owners and others contributing through goods or services during and after the project. In a civil engineering and construction scenario, a contract between the client and any contractor implies stage-wise payment against a defined series of chronologically spaced deliverables from the client where the process as well as the product meets contractually defined standards. Each of these contract sub-types have different advantages and have a different degree of risk exposure to the client and the contractor. It is in the interest of the project for the correct type of contract to be formulized in order to avoid the 3 reasons for failure of contract discharge. We shall discuss below each type of contract, the problems faced during the execution of such a contract and methods by which these problems can be dealt with so as to minimize friction during project execution. It is an agreement creating an obligation on the contractor to complete works as shown and specified by drawings and documents, subject to incidental and pre-mapped variations, supplying of all labour, materials and equipment so as to complete the contracted for work for a fixed amount subject to adjustments and payable by the owner as a reciprocal obligation either as a single payment or as a series of payments triggered by intermediate goals during the project. Indivisibility: A fixed price contract is

Investment Strategy and Portfolio Management Assignment - 2

Investment Strategy and Portfolio Management - Assignment Example When choices increases, shaping and monitoring investment portfolios becomes more complicated and it is more exposed to excessive risks. To succeed in portfolio market, it requires one to make more research in order to learn how to evaluate fundamental issue and manage related risk. This increases effectiveness to clients and organization leading to more productivity. In order to succeed in investment environment, Nelly company they should have proper management of cash. They should always have knowledge of cash they receive from regular contribution of their members made and how much the fund grows. This will enable them to know the amount of money they will use to finance education (Kendrick, 2009).Later the company management should discus and make decisions on how to finance the education and how much they should have for the company to profit which will be available for contributor to make the withdraw. They should also come up with rules which should be favourable for the company and the contributor to minimize the amount they should withdraw than the amount they contribute (Elton & Gruber, 1995). The success of Nelly Company can be brought by setting complicated and favourable rules for members who would like to withdraw their funds and which can bring the member core benefits in future. The members who have more than four years and would like to withdraw their funds can be given a portion, say, 20 percent of their net contributions. The remainder should be used for funds creation at an interest which then and be allocated to these members on a residual basis. This ensures that the company remains a going concern and may not necessarily liquidate (Aiken, 2008). The company can also borrow quickly from other financing institution under a line of credit agreement, which permits company to have up to a specified maximum amount. The company will be able to buy marketable